See arbaz on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"sense": "ox",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "arfur"
}
],
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"word": "arfr"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ine-pro:*h₃órbʰos<id:servant>",
"id": "worker"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*arbaz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" }\" data-id=\"worker\" data-lang=\"gem-pro\" data-title=\"*arbaz\" id=\"Proto-Germanic:_worker\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European",
"name": "langname"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine",
"3": "h₃órbʰos",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "word"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "h₃órbʰos"
},
"expansion": "PIE word\n *h₃órbʰos",
"name": "PIE word"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₃erbʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₃órbʰos",
"4": "",
"5": "slave, servant, indentured worker; orphan; apprentice"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₃órbʰos (“slave, servant, indentured worker; orphan; apprentice”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "orphan"
},
"expansion": "“orphan”",
"name": "m-g"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "worker"
},
"expansion": "“worker”",
"name": "m-g"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla"
},
"expansion": "Slavic",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "servant, slave"
},
"expansion": "“servant, slave”",
"name": "m-g"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*arbaidiz",
"3": "",
"4": "labor, toil"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *arbaidiz (“labor, toil”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "slave"
},
"expansion": "“slave”",
"name": "m-g"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "to turn, change"
},
"expansion": "“to turn, change”",
"name": "m-g"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "one who is exchanged"
},
"expansion": "“one who is exchanged”",
"name": "m-g"
}
],
"etymology_text": "PIE word\n *h₃órbʰos\nFrom Proto-Indo-European *h₃órbʰos (“slave, servant, indentured worker; orphan; apprentice”), from *h₃erbʰ- (“to turn, change; to change ownership”).\nIt has been argued that the inherited meaning “orphan” gave way to “worker”, probably from orphans being used for forced labor by their caretakers, which is also implied by the Slavic meaning “servant, slave”. In this context it is not hard to see a connection with Proto-Germanic *arbaidiz (“labor, toil”), probably through a verb *arbijaną. On the other hand, “slave” may have been the original meaning, already extended to both orphans and workers by late PIE and then further to worker animals in Germanic; the original deverbal sense from “to turn, change” is more easily “one who is exchanged”. Slavery and the exchange of indentured servants were widespread practices in prehistoric societies across Eurasia.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "arbaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arbōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arbōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arb",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "arbōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "arbōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "arbą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arbanz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arbas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arbis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arbǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arbai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arbamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arbō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arbamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "*arbaz m",
"name": "gem-noun"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "North Germanic"
},
"expansion": "(North Germanic)",
"name": "tlb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/arbaz",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"worker"
],
"id": "en-arbaz-gem-pro-noun-h-unbn8x",
"links": [
[
"worker",
"worker"
]
],
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"North",
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "5 95",
"kind": "other",
"name": "North Proto-Germanic",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 99",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 98",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 97",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 98",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 99",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"working animal, draught animal; ox"
],
"id": "en-arbaz-gem-pro-noun-FBULjBdA",
"links": [
[
"working animal",
"working animal"
],
[
"draught animal",
"draught animal"
],
[
"ox",
"ox"
]
],
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"North",
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɑr.βɑz/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
],
"word": "arbaz"
}
{
"categories": [
"North Proto-Germanic",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon",
"Proto-Germanic a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Germanic entries with etymon",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic masculine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₃erbʰ-",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *h₃órbʰos",
"Proto-Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"gem-pro:Agriculture",
"gem-pro:Cattle"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"sense": "ox",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "arfur"
}
],
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"word": "arfr"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ine-pro:*h₃órbʰos<id:servant>",
"id": "worker"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*arbaz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" }\" data-id=\"worker\" data-lang=\"gem-pro\" data-title=\"*arbaz\" id=\"Proto-Germanic:_worker\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European",
"name": "langname"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine",
"3": "h₃órbʰos",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "word"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "h₃órbʰos"
},
"expansion": "PIE word\n *h₃órbʰos",
"name": "PIE word"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₃erbʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₃órbʰos",
"4": "",
"5": "slave, servant, indentured worker; orphan; apprentice"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₃órbʰos (“slave, servant, indentured worker; orphan; apprentice”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "orphan"
},
"expansion": "“orphan”",
"name": "m-g"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "worker"
},
"expansion": "“worker”",
"name": "m-g"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla"
},
"expansion": "Slavic",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "servant, slave"
},
"expansion": "“servant, slave”",
"name": "m-g"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*arbaidiz",
"3": "",
"4": "labor, toil"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *arbaidiz (“labor, toil”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "slave"
},
"expansion": "“slave”",
"name": "m-g"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "to turn, change"
},
"expansion": "“to turn, change”",
"name": "m-g"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "one who is exchanged"
},
"expansion": "“one who is exchanged”",
"name": "m-g"
}
],
"etymology_text": "PIE word\n *h₃órbʰos\nFrom Proto-Indo-European *h₃órbʰos (“slave, servant, indentured worker; orphan; apprentice”), from *h₃erbʰ- (“to turn, change; to change ownership”).\nIt has been argued that the inherited meaning “orphan” gave way to “worker”, probably from orphans being used for forced labor by their caretakers, which is also implied by the Slavic meaning “servant, slave”. In this context it is not hard to see a connection with Proto-Germanic *arbaidiz (“labor, toil”), probably through a verb *arbijaną. On the other hand, “slave” may have been the original meaning, already extended to both orphans and workers by late PIE and then further to worker animals in Germanic; the original deverbal sense from “to turn, change” is more easily “one who is exchanged”. Slavery and the exchange of indentured servants were widespread practices in prehistoric societies across Eurasia.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "arbaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arbōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arbōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arb",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "arbōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "arbōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "arbą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arbanz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arbas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arbis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arbǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arbai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arbamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arbō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arbamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "*arbaz m",
"name": "gem-noun"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "North Germanic"
},
"expansion": "(North Germanic)",
"name": "tlb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/arbaz",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"gem-pro:Occupations"
],
"glosses": [
"worker"
],
"links": [
[
"worker",
"worker"
]
],
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"North",
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"working animal, draught animal; ox"
],
"links": [
[
"working animal",
"working animal"
],
[
"draught animal",
"draught animal"
],
[
"ox",
"ox"
]
],
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"North",
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɑr.βɑz/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
],
"word": "arbaz"
}
Download raw JSONL data for arbaz meaning in All languages combined (5.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-09 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (ccec6f1 and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.